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- NATION, Page 22The Search for a Poison Antidote
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- If good intentions could stop the proliferation of chemical
- weapons, the scourge would have been cleaned up long ago. Over
- the past 63 years, 131 nations have signed the 1925 Geneva
- Protocol, which outlaws the use of poison gases. Yet at least 17
- countries are believed to possess chemical weapons. They were
- most recently used last March, with hellish results, when Iraq
- unleashed mustard and cyanide gases on its own Kurdish citizens.
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- Like other high-minded declarations that followed the
- horrors of World War I, the Geneva Protocol has no teeth:
- although it forbids the use of poison gases, it bans neither
- their production nor their stockpiling. The result is that the
- issue of chemical weapons has returned time and again to the
- international agenda, stirring debate at the United Nations, at
- diplomatic conferences and at each of the four superpower
- summits since 1985.
-
- This week the talk continues in Paris, where representatives
- from 142 nations have convened. The chances for a breakthrough
- anytime soon are slim. Only the U.S., the Soviet Union and Iraq
- have even acknowledged owning chemical arsenals. Yet in recent
- years, there have been claims that poison gases have been used
- by Libya against Chad, by Viet Nam against Kampuchean rebels and
- by Iran and Iraq against each other in their recently concluded
- war. It was Iraq's slaughter of the Kurds that prompted
- President Reagan to call for the Paris conference. The
- initiative was quickly seconded by President Francois Mitterrand
- of France, one of the countries that had unwittingly supplied
- Iraq with equipment that helps in the manufacture of chemical
- weapons. The results of that exchange, understates a senior
- French diplomat, "gave one pause."
-
- A declaration of international outrage against chemical
- weapons and a reaffirmation of the Geneva Protocol may at least
- slow the trend toward poison gases. "There's a general
- consensus that use of chemical weapons is wrong," says William
- Burns, director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
- "I think we want to re-establish that." The U.S. hopes that the
- Paris meeting will pump momentum into the Conference on
- Disarmament, a 40-nation effort to write a treaty that would
- ban the gases outright. As an interim step, several
- participants want to strengthen the U.N. Secretary-General's
- authority to investigate charges of chemical-weapons use.
-
- Until recently, East-West distrust posed the largest hurdle
- to an effective ban. But in 1987, two years after Congress
- voted to end an 18-year moratorium on the American manufacture
- of chemical weapons, the Soviet Union acceded to U.S. demands
- for on-site "challenge inspections" to enforce a treaty. Today
- the larger obstacle is posed by Third World nations that are
- reluctant to give up what is known as the "poor man's atom
- bomb." Poison gases, after all, are cheap and easy to
- manufacture. "All a terrorist needs is a milk bottle of nerve
- gas," says a British weapons expert, "and that he can get from a
- quiet lab in a back street of Tripoli." Thus even if a treaty
- could be hammered out to the satisfaction of Moscow and
- Washington, says Burns, the U.S. would not sign unless every
- nation in possession of chemical arsenals agreed to it as well.
-
- But most countries can piously deny their involvement. As
- last week's verbal cross fire over Libya indicated, it is not
- easy to distinguish between factories that manufacture
- fertilizers, pesticides or pharmaceutical products and those
- that produce chemical weapons. Experts say that with just the
- turn of some levers or the change of a catalyst, a plant can
- convert from the production of pest killers to people killers in
- as little as 24 hours. Small wonder, then, that the U.S. spurned
- Libya's offer for a one-time inspection of the facility at
- Rabta.
-
- An effective inspection would require ripping apart a
- chemical plant to analyze manufactured materials and examine
- waste products taken from sewers, ventilators and pipes. If
- chemical weapons were not yet in production (as the U.S.
- believes to be the case at Rabta), the inspection would turn up
- no damning residues. Other telltale signs would be the
- protective equipment used at the plant, including the presence
- of special ventilation systems and chemical sensors connected to
- alarms. But that same equipment is employed in pesticide and
- fertilizer manufacture. Inspectors must also look for
- military-oriented equipment, such as machinery to produce or
- fill chemical-weapons shells. The Rabta facility offers one
- other clue: it is surrounded by surface-to-air missiles that,
- William Burns dryly notes, must make it the "most heavily
- defended pharmaceutical plant in the world."
-
- Even if a nation were caught making chemical weapons, who
- could enforce the rules, short of military action? Would the
- guilty government dismantle its own facility -- particularly if
- the plant also produced agricultural and pharmaceutical
- products? Perhaps more to the point, would other nations agree
- to halt the lucrative export of the component parts? As the
- Reagan Administration learned in its dealings with Iran, it is
- hard enough for nations to abide by an arms embargo, let alone
- enforce one.
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